Have you ever before stumble upon a piece of mail that you almost threw away, but something made you open it up as well as review it? After that there it …
For several years companies of all kinds have actually utilized background music in their establishments to produce an ambience that would subtly motivate customers to remain in their shops longer with …
Life is unpredictable and winding up in a tough financial situation due to situations beyond our control is not only possible, yet highly likely to take place to anyone, eventually. This …
Among one of the most difficult times in a person’s life is when they are handling money problems. There just appears to be no escaping it. Most of your conversations with …
Among one of the most difficult times in a person’s life is when they are handling money problems. There just appears to be no escaping it. Most of your conversations with your loved one have to do with money or rather, the lack of money. The phone is continuously ringing with expense enthusiasts seeking you. Family relationships can endure, work can endure, as well as at times you can find yourself so depressed you can’t also rise. What can you do? This post will certainly show you just how to deal efficiently with troubles concerning money.
The initial step to managing cash problems is to confess that there are problems. So usually the majority of us walk around in denial. We feel that there is nothing wrong. We’ll tell our friends that things are a little tight for today. We’ll maintain that perspective until we are deep in trouble. So, the first thing to do is to confess what you don’t want to admit. Not only that there is a problem, but additionally that there is some action called for.
To deal successfully with money troubles you should take some type of action. There are different services available, but it depends on what you want the end result to be. A few of the professionals encourage people with money troubles to analyze their circumstance, pare things to the bone, and afterwards live in this way for a long, long, long time. I don’t learn about you, but life is really, very short.
If you are like me, you’ll agree that life ought to be delighted in. The following 5 minutes are not promised to any individual. The problem I locate with living by doing this is that you can lose out on so much. That is due to the fact that the frame of mind you need to take on is just one of absence, and not one of abundance. Right here is a depressing truth.
The majority of individuals experience life believing more regarding what they can not have or can not do as opposed to believing and grabbing all of things available to them right at their fingertips. You must do something about it to get what you desire out of life.
An additional alternative supplied by financial experts is to file personal bankruptcy. Is this really an effective way to manage cash issues? Many individuals feel that it is, although the laws have actually ended up being much more stringent over the last few years. There are many drawbacks to filing for insolvency. Yet confronted with seemingly overwhelming money troubles, some view bankruptcy as the only way out. What is one more way to handle money problems?
One of the most successful means to deal with cash troubles is so basic. It’s called the 3 m’s. Are you ready? Below it comes. Make even more money! You’re possibly claiming inform me something I do not recognize. You are right. Many people know that the most effective and most successful means to deal with money problems is to merely, make more cash. But how do you make more money?
Is functioning a task, the most effective way to deal efficiently with money problems? Lots of people today would inform you they question it. Jobs today are not reliable and you need to give a lot of your time. What concerning the stock market? Ask that question and you will certainly hear a definite no. How about the federal government or the banking sector? I don’t assume so. So after that, what is the remedy?
Regarding a 3rd of the population deals with insomnia, a condition that interrupts one’s regular sleep pattern. Sleeplessness can be influenced by a number of variables, including ecological and also biochemical …
Regarding a 3rd of the population deals with insomnia, a condition that interrupts one’s regular sleep pattern. Sleeplessness can be influenced by a number of variables, including ecological and also biochemical reasons, stress, age, diet plan, as well as way of living.
In the usual sleep pattern, an individual goes through three different sleep cycles that are each normally regarding 90 mins long. These stages are light sleep, deep sleep, as well as fantasizing, or else referred to as repetitive eye activity (REM) sleep. In these cycles, the primary brain wave adjustments from alpha waves, with beta and theta waves, into a final stage called delta waves. Delta is the most kicked back and peaceful problem, as well as has been related to a reduction in anxiousness and also a rise in beneficial metabolic features. Sleeplessness hinders the body’s ability to progress with these cycles.
Awareness of the natural cycle of sleep is necessary since insomnia can have really serious repercussions. Sleeping disorders can last for days to years, as well as absence of sleep can add to anxiety, substance abuse, and also other psychological health problems. Every individual is various, and the rest cycle can vary from individual to person-but the basic structure stays the very same.
Medical research studies have shown that sound can influence a person’s brain waves. Anyone that has actually made use of a “white noise” device to shut out other sounds can vouch for audio’s impact on the brain. Noise can enhance the sharp and also energetic alpha state during the day. When used for sleep issues, it can additionally aid a person move from that alpha state with the intermediary beta and also theta states, and then into a deep delta wave state more quickly.
The original brain wave innovation included using an EEG and psychophysiological feedback, yet it has actually been discovered since then that the use of tones can be a lower-cost, much easier, and less daunting method of mind entrainment.
Mind entrainment innovation, which helps the mind enter that delta “groove,” is effective. When you obtain a sound stimulation that remains in the variety of brain waves, the brain’s predominant frequency will in fact relocate in the direction of the regularity of the viewed tone. (This is called the “regularity list below reaction” or “aural driving.”) It seems to synchronize the two hemispheres of the brain.
Continued use this technology can really reduce the length of time that it takes to receive from one state to one more. Many individuals find the tones alone to be unpleasant, so other songs or sounds can be blended with them. The tones require not be loud as long as they are distinct. In addition to its impact on rest problems, research study is being done on whether mind entrainment innovation can be made use of to assist with ADD, stress and anxiety, anxiety, and also chronic pain.
Brain entrainment technology can use a couple of methods:
The first method is isochronic tones. With isochronic tones, the duration of the tone amounts to the periods between the tones. People have actually known from ancient times that this kind of recurring “on and off” audio can influence the mind. Drumming and also clapping, for example, have actually been associated with modified frame of minds from our earliest taped history, as well as almost certainly also prior to that.
The second is binaural tones. Binaural tone mind entrainment innovation involves the use of a different tone in each ear. This binaural effect was discovered in 1839 by Heinrich Wilhem Dove. When two tones of slightly different frequencies are presented independently using stereo earphones, the outcome is low-frequency pulsations in the mind.
A beating tone will certainly be listened to, as if the two sounds had actually mixed normally. For the result to happen, the tones need to be below 1,000 to 1,500 hertz, as well as the differential in between them needs to be low (under about 30 Hz). If either of these problems is not met, the result won’t happen.
Using binaural tones to change brain wave state does have some professional support, but it has some significant disadvantages too. The main trouble with making use of binaural tones for the alleviation of sleep problems is that it calls for making use of stereo headphones, considering that a various tone needs to be induced in each ear. Headphones are not a trouble in conscious or alpha states, or maybe even in the really onset of rest. They can, nevertheless, be awkward to use for an entire evening, which may make them much more tough to make use of in the much deeper phases.
If earphones are used only throughout that first sleep-onset period, it will be harder to stay asleep in the theta wave state. In addition, the need of using earphones indicates that people with hearing troubles in one ear will not be able to take advantage of binaural tones.
Windows are among one of the most vital parts of our home. These are made to enable passage of all-natural light as well as to see some sight outside. A lot …
Windows are among one of the most vital parts of our home. These are made to enable passage of all-natural light as well as to see some sight outside.
A lot of the windows have their very own opening as well as lock, when these are opened; they end up being passage of air and audio. It is important that windows are appropriately sealed to protect the location and also to prevent leaks of water and air specifically if the area has air cooling system.
These must be properly maintained, thus it is essential to get ideal window replacement approximates whenever there is a requirement to change one.
Keeping and replacing windows as well as various parts of the house might be a significant financial investment; therefore one needs to guarantee to obtain the best quote prior to proceeding with the project.
If the moment comes that you require to change your home windows, do not think twice to browse different sites in the internet to locate different business that supply the solution.
While you may choose to just buy the products as well as have somebody to do the setup, there are also some firms that use full bundle of services from taking down the existing ones approximately supplying and also installment the substitute.
You can obtain financial savings in getting a complete plan rather than get right into the task by piece. One good idea regarding getting a package is you are simply managing one business as well as discussing the warranty; you can quickly recognize whom to assert from.
Prior to you obtain the window replacement estimates, you have to determine first the total scope of work of your preferred task. You need to decide whether you require to replace everything or just replace some portion of it.
You have to determine the design and also your wanted time table to end up the project. With these done in mind, you can start surfing the net to get window replacement estimates.
To obtain the very best, one needs to check on various companies’ deal. Access the very least 3 proposals from various company. The window replacement price quotes should be comparable apple to apple to make certain that you will certainly obtain real worth of the money you are going to invest.
As soon as you have all the quotes, you review much deeper the whole proposition. Do not just consider the most affordable quote yet instead take a look on various other parameters like the service warranty, the preparation, as well as the standing of the company you are most likely to take care of. Read more insights about top home window replacement and know what to do when your windows have mold via the link.
This will certainly make your choice economical. In getting the most effective window replacement quote, it is additionally important to check if the offer consists of the taking down of the existing one and most importantly the disposal of the old ones. Some firms additionally use to acquire the dismantled one which you can deduct from the complete project cost (Window Replacement Costs).
It is uncomplicated to get window replacement quotes. What is more challenging is to make a choice regarding who are most likely to handle to do the best quality work that you call for.
The advancement of these kind of ice devices has made it possible for people to delight in the amazing freshness provided by a bountiful ice supply anytime and also anywhere. Today, …
The advancement of these kind of ice devices has made it possible for people to delight in the amazing freshness provided by a bountiful ice supply anytime and also anywhere. Today, you see these ice devices almost all over. Fishermen bring along mobile ice makers during fishing expedition to keep their catch fresh. Family members delighting in an outing or merely camping out can bring along a mobile ice maker. These ice equipments have also end up being a hassle-free component at yard as well as outdoor celebrations.
But just what are mobile ice manufacturers? These are compact, self-supporting freezing devices that can produce ice. As a result of their small size, they can rest on your kitchen counter or you can bring them along on trips. All you require to do is to connect it right into an electric outlet and your machine will certainly be producing ice in a snap. If no power electrical outlet is on hand, a separate attachment will certainly allow you to connect the ice maker in an alternate power source, such as an auto battery.
Exactly how does it work? There are 2 sorts of mobile ice machine devices. One of the most usual type utilizes metal rods that ice up the water around it, transforming it right into ice. As soon as the ice is developed, the rod warms up, enabling the ice to thaw partially so that it comes under the storage space bin. The other sort of ice maker utilizes mold and mildews. Water pours into these molds as well as is iced up right into ice cubes. They are then ejected right into collection container. All ice devices can be linked to a water line. However you additionally have the option of just loading the receptacle with water utilizing a bottle or container.
Other attributes of an ice manufacturer consist of a thermostat which will certainly permit you to produce ice of various sizes. Some included slicing blades to make sure that you can create nugget ice. It is essential to point out that these particular ice manufacturer can be extremely noisy. Ice makers also have a side panel that will certainly permit you drain out excess water conveniently.
An average sized-machine can generate 12 to 15 ice every 6 to 8 minutes, with an ordinary everyday yield of 30 pounds. These kinds of makers can be found in elegant finishes, including white, black, bisque stainless steel or titanium. For the a lot more trendy housewives, you even have mobile ice manufacturer in red, pink and also other neon shades. The most preferred coating among customers is stainless-steel. However, you require to be careful of the outside due to the fact that it is at risk to scrapes.
On average, mobile ice makers have a price tag of in between $130 and $150, but if you are preparing to purchase a greater end brand name, the price may go as high as $1500. All mobile ice manufacturer featured a service warranty. However you may intend to think about getting a separate water filter for your machine in order to use a totally free extended service warranty.
In order to diagnose the engine by measuring the compression of the engine in internal combustion engines it is required that each cylinder has the same levels of compression and thus …
In order to diagnose the engine by measuring the compression of the engine in internal combustion engines it is required that each cylinder has the same levels of compression and thus its operation is adequate.
This depends on the mixture of air and fuel thus maximizing the energy produced, this occurs when the pistons in their ascending stroke compress the mixture of air and fuel in the combustion chamber, if there were a leak in part of that mixture of air / fuel would result in excessive fuel consumption and at the same time a loss of power.
Symptoms to identify compression problems
When an engine has problems with compression, some or several of these problems may occur:
Excessive smoke of any color
Due to the lack of power, it is necessary to accelerate more than normal.
Increased fuel consumption
When the car is stopped, the revolutions are very variable.
Problems with starting the car
Frequently shuts off
Finally, you may consume more water or coolant than usual.
Causes or engine compression problems
The cause of a compression failure is that the combustion chamber is not well sealed and/or there are leaks, which can be caused by the following:
Spark plugs: They can be misplaced, not adjusted or with damaged threads.
Valves or springs: A damaged valve or spring does not allow good seating at the top of the engine, allowing leaks. Burned, worn or scratched valves and springs are often the cause.
Rings: If the piston rings are loose in the piston or piston liner, leakage may occur.
Gasket: It could be damaged, badly adjusted, badly fixed or badly selected which will allow leaks.
Block: If it has cracks in any of the cylinders then there could be some leakage.
Bad synchronization: if it is not the correct one, they may not seat the valves correctly or not do it on time, this is usually due to a worn band.
Procedure for measuring compression
The compression of the engine must be done with a manometer, this check gives good information on the state of the engine. In order to measure the compression the following steps must be followed:
Reach the normal operating temperature of the engine.
Remove the spark plug wires.
Remove some of the spark plugs and place the pressure gauge taking care that it covers all the hole where the spark plug goes.
Start the engine for a few seconds with full throttle, i.e. start the engine normally. Consider that the car will not start.
Write down the pressure registered in the manometer.
Replace all parts that have been removed.
The pressure given in each cylinder must be very similar between them and the variation must not be more than 10%. This measurement must coincide with the range indicated by the car manufacturer.
Conversions
In case you need to convert Bars to Psi it is necessary to multiply the bars by 14.5038. As an example, if we have 5 Bars, we multiply 5 x 14.5038 = 72.519 Psi.
Otherwise, to convert from Psi to Bars, multiply the Psi by 0.068947. As an example, if we have 100 psi, we multiply 100 x 0.068947 = 6.8947 Bars.
Results – Problems with compression
As mentioned above, the difference between the reading of one piston and another should not exceed 10%. If the difference is greater the diagnosis can be:
A low compression reading of all the cylinders can mean that the cylinders are “washed”, that is to say that the engine has been injected with a lot of fuel and this has eliminated the oil from the walls.
The oil is very necessary as it creates a sealing effect between the piston, the rings and the cylinder walls. Faced with a lack of oil, the compression of the engine escapes into the crankcase.
If the smoke coming out of the vehicle is bluish and there is normal operation but sometimes loses power, it means that the rings are worn. To check this, you can put a small amount of oil in each cylinder and repeat the test.
If the compression increases significantly, the problem is the rings. If the reading has no major variation, it is necessary to check the camshaft and crankshaft of the engine and it is recommended to check the chain or timing belt.
If the compression reading is very low or zero on a cylinder it is likely that there is damage such as:
Having a hole in the piston due to a broken connecting rod
Leaking or stuck valve
Broken valve spring or bent rod
Excessive wear of the camshaft which does not give the necessary opening to the valve
Low or no compression on two adjacent cylinders may indicate that the gasket is not working or is damaged by improper adjustment This may also indicate that the camshaft is damaged in the area between the two adjacent cylinder valves.
The accumulation of carbon can cause the compression of one cylinder to come out much higher than another, this can be corrected by removing the head of the engine and performing a deep cleaning at the top of the piston and in the opening area of the valves.
The vehicle technical review is a punctual review of certain attributes, parts or areas of the vehicle in order to protect citizens, drivers and the environment from possible failures that may …
The vehicle technical review is a punctual review of certain attributes, parts or areas of the vehicle in order to protect citizens, drivers and the environment from possible failures that may have vehicles in circulation and keep in good condition vehicles circulating in the country, but is not a comprehensive review or show the true state of your vehicle.
What does the technical vehicle inspection consist of?
It consists of a punctual inspection of the mechanical, physical and documentary part of the vehicle.
When should you perform a technical vehicle inspection?
The first technical revision must be carried out once your vehicle is 3 years old (since it is registered and put into circulation according to the running-in plate) and according to the Exigibility Schedule of the Operational Certificate – D.S. N° 001 – 2008 – MTC which is based on the last digit of the running-in plate.
So if you want to purchase a used vehicle with 3 or more years, you must ask the owner the certificate to prove that you have already approved it or validate when you would touch it to make it yourself.
What documents must be presented to approve the technical vehicular review?
You must present:
The current or updated Vehicle Ownership Card or Vehicle Identification Card.
The current Compulsory Traffic Accident Insurance (SOAT) Certificate.
The permission of polarized glasses in case it had them.
The previous Vehicle Technical Inspection Certificate (Not applicable for vehicles that will perform their first Technical Inspection).
Note: Vehicles authorized for ground transportation service must present the vehicle authorization certificate or special circulation permits in the case of special vehicles.
How long does the technical review last?
The entire process from payment, submission of documents, physical inspection of the vehicle and obtaining the certificate can take one hour. It all depends mainly on the number of vehicles on hold, the availability of the premises, the capacity of the technicians and the condition of your vehicle.
What points will the inspector evaluate?
It is a specific Inspection that consists of a visual, mechanical, gas (opacity), lights, tyre depth level, noise emissions, brakes, alignment and suspension check. This will mainly measure the state of conservation of the body, mirrors, windshields and bumpers.
The structural integrity of the chassis and main beams of the vehicle. Steering systems, suspension, damping, brakes and lights and emissions of polluting gases and noise.
What Accessories should you have in your vehicle?
Private vehicles: Safety triangle, spare tire, wheel wrench, jack. A flashlight is also recommended.
Major vehicles or passenger transport: In addition, the standard may require a first aid kit and fire extinguishers according to the vehicle:
Rural van / Combi 2KG
Couster / Minibus 4KG
Omnibus / Heavy Duty Trucks 6KG
Tractors, Trailers, Tankers
Dumpers and Others 6KG
What kind of observations can the vehicle have?
LEVES: It does not require a new technical vehicle inspection so you will be given the certificate and decal, these faults must be remedied for the next inspection.
GRAVES: They are observations that cause the disapproval of the Vehicle Technical Inspection, having a maximum term of 30 days to correct such deficiencies.
VERY SERIOUS: They are observations that cause the disapproval of the Vehicle Technical Inspection, having a maximum term of 60 days to correct such deficiencies.
If you disapprove the technical inspection, you can pass it again free of charge if you return within the period granted by the inspectors.
How much does the technical overhaul cost?
The prices vary according to the type of vehicle you have and the technical center where you take them, but they vary approximately between:
Motorcycles and motorcars: S/.25.00
Light vehicles: From S/.65 to S/.85
Heavy vehicles: S/.132.70
In which plants can i carry out the technical inspection?
Lidercon Peru
Farenet
Cedive
Or authorized places in the other departments of the country.
Final recommendations to take into account:
Keep your vehicle in a constant maintenance process, visiting a trusted mechanic every 6 months or according to the requirements of your vehicle.
Before going to the technical review, make sure you have all the documents in force, the necessary safety elements and that your vehicle is in optimum condition so that you have no observations and do not waste time.
Pay close attention to the expiration date of your technical vehicle inspection as this will avoid fines above S/. 2000 (two thousand soles).
Any person who has a valid license and has the documents of the vehicle can pass the technical review. It is not necessary that the owner of the vehicle goes exclusively.
Diesel engine is a kind of internal combustion engine that employs a technology that makes it very efficient. This engine uses the increase in temperature produced by compressing a gas so …
Diesel engine is a kind of internal combustion engine that employs a technology that makes it very efficient. This engine uses the increase in temperature produced by compressing a gas so that the fuel is spontaneously ignited by injecting it into the combustion chamber. A cycle that was precisely invented by Rudolph Diesel, hence its name.
The operation of this cycle is very simple. In the diesel engine, a large amount of air is introduced into the cylinder, which is compressed 14 to 18 times by the piston. When the piston is at the top, the fuel is injected and burnt as it enters the combustion chamber.
The engine of a diesel car or any other vehicle that owns it has a number of advantages and disadvantages that we will see below. Taking them into account is extremely important if we are in the position to buy a car. A good choice can depend on a significant savings.
Advantages of a Diesel Engine
The advantages of the diesel engine have led it to be the main competitor today of the gasoline engine.
Its main advantage lies in the fact that it is an engine of great durability. This is because its combustion process is by air compression, not from the mixture of gasoline and air from gasoline engines. In this way, the interior parts will suffer less wear and have a much longer service life.
Another great advantage is that today’s diesel engines are among the cleanest ever produced. Not in vain, they produce on average less CO2 than gasoline engines. In addition, since 2006 they incorporate a particle filter that removes almost all particles from exhaust gases.
On the other hand, if there is one thing that characterizes the engine of a diesel car is its reliability. Without going any further, it is the engine that is usually used to equip heavy machinery. In addition, it is an engine that does not have spark plugs, cables, rotors or other elements, so it is much simpler than gasoline.
At the same time, if we take into account that diesel has a higher density than gasoline, this engine can run more than twice as far as a gasoline engine with the same amount of fuel. This will affect our economy, since we will be able to save up to 30% of consumption with a diesel car.
This makes us think that a diesel car is ideal for longer journeys and more difficult terrain. If we have a vehicle of this type to travel or work is very likely to save a good amount of money on fuel.
It should also be noted that the diesel engine generates very low revolutions, so it will have greater effectiveness and ability to load or drag. This is why we commented earlier that diesel engines have always been used for the heaviest machinery.
Disadvantages of a Diesel Engine
If we have to talk about the main disadvantage of a diesel engine, this is its price. Although in recent years the current market tends to cheaper diesel cars, the truth is that they are still more expensive than gasoline. In this sense, each user must assess whether it is worth the higher cost for a car of this type depending on what you are going to use.
However, if we do many kilometres at the end of the year with the car it is very likely that we can compensate a higher price with a lower expenditure on fuel.
From an economic point of view, it should also be remembered that both the MOT and the price of compulsory insurance are usually higher in diesel engines than in petrol engines.
On the other hand, it should also be noted that the diesel engine often requires more maintenance than a petrol engine. The owners of a diesel car will have to carry out periodic revisions of their engine in order not to have great problems with time.
Added to this is the fact that diesel engine repairs are often more expensive. It is true that the technology used today by these engines has significantly reduced the risk of breakdowns. But when they do occur, they are probably more expensive than those of a gasoline engine.
Among the main problems that diesel engines can have, special attention must be paid to water and the presence of micro-particles. It will also be necessary to carry out a greater number of revisions for the changes of filters, the oil, etc.
At the same time, the diesel engine is slower than the petrol engine. At this point, it is necessary to mention again the new technologies of these engines, which are managing to provide them with greater power. However, they are not yet fully matched with petrol engines, also because they have a higher weight.
Finally, it should be mentioned that diesel engines are still noisier than petrol engines.
In short, to value between a diesel car or not can depend on multiple factors. To have a vehicle with an engine of this type can be very interesting if we plan to travel frequently and do many miles. In this way, the initial investment will be compensated with fuel savings and the greater durability of the engine.
However, if we are only going to use the car to keep it in the city, make purchases and, in general, we are not going to do many kilometers with it the best thing is going to be to opt for a gasoline engine. The difference from an economic point of view is going to be more than important.
The first industrial electric motor was probably considered a breakthrough in its day, even when there was much room for improvement. As technology has advanced, motor manufacturers have developed better motors …
The first industrial electric motor was probably considered a breakthrough in its day, even when there was much room for improvement. As technology has advanced, motor manufacturers have developed better motors that use less energy and reduce costs.
While it is natural for manufacturers to employ the latest technology in the creation of electric motors, they have been the best in production methods who have been instrumental in improving the efficiency of these motors.
Consider the following statistics:
The global electricity market was valued at more than $70 billion in 2015 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% from 2017 to 2025.
The world’s electricity use is estimated to reach 35 trillion kilowatt hours by 2035, and nearly 28% will be used by electric motors.
Ninety percent of the installed motors run continuously at full speed and use mechanical systems to regulate output power.
The future looks promising!
Before entering into the efficiency of electric motors, it is important to understand more about the motors commonly used in industries.
A simple DC motor converts direct electrical current into mechanical energy. It is usually equipped with a high number of coils, which make it efficient.
However, it can result in a large amount of wasted energy due to friction between the switch and the brushes, as well as loss of torque at certain angles.
On the other hand, if the motor gets stuck when trying to lift a heavy load, the rotor coils can easily overheat and melt. This is why many heavy industrial appliances use electric motors.
How can manufacturers save electricity with electric motors?
The shape of an electric motor is designed and the way it is used are the two determining factors that can help save electricity. Let’s look at the design aspect first.
The use of copper in stator coils
As far as the conductivity of the motor is concerned, it is always better to go for copper coils rather than aluminium coils. This is because the conductivity of aluminium is lower than that of copper.
To keep up with copper coils, aluminum magnet cables may need larger cross sections to provide the same level of conductivity. Aluminum wire windings may have a higher volume compared to a copper wire motor of the same size.
If you are still using aluminum windings, make sure the ends of the aluminum magnet wire are connected properly. Aluminum oxidizes much faster than other metals, and if aluminum powder is exposed to air, it will completely oxidize in a few days and leave behind very fine white powder.
To make a proper connection that guarantees good conductivity, the oxide layer of the aluminium magnet wire must be perforated to prevent the aluminium from coming into additional contact with the air.
Achieving the highest motor efficiency is more than just deciding between the aluminium and copper windings. Several manufacturers have developed high-pressure crimp connectors to allow for greater efficiency. This has been done to help the aluminum windings keep pace with their copper counterparts.
While it is possible for motors with aluminum windings to reach the power of copper windings, it takes time and money. Aluminum also requires more turns and a larger diameter wire, which may not always be more economical.
If the motor is required to work occasionally or for short durations, and not when efficiency and volume are of the essence, the use of enamelled aluminium wires may make sense. Otherwise, copper windings should always be preferred.
The use of copper bars on the rotor
When it comes to rotors, copper offers the efficiency advantage. Copper rotors are preferred for industries focused on better energy management, in developed and developing countries where electricity is often scarce and expensive.
Copper rotors are a better bet compared to aluminium in terms of motor quality, reliability, cost, efficiency and service life.
Precision Machining for Moving Parts
Machining involves the removal of material from another part to a minimum tolerance. Precision machining is absolutely necessary to achieve the required tolerance.
Whether it’s metal cutting or coal mining, precision machinery can provide the accuracy needed to produce materials in the desired quantities.
Moving parts of the machine will require timely maintenance for maximum performance and efficiency. Maintenance should only be performed by experts, and an inspection of all parts should be required.
The use of high quality steel for rotors and stators
High-tech electric steel is essential for the manufacture of economical stators and rotors used in a variety of electric motor applications. This type of steel ensures high magnetic permeability and low power losses and first class performance.
However, power losses can still occur in electrical steel. Eddy currents come into play when a magnetic field alternates. Lamination of steel to a finer gauge controls these eddy currents and reduces current losses. This happens especially at application frequencies beyond the standard of 50 or 60 Hz.
Keep the rotor and stator as close as possible.
Through precision manufacturing, manufacturers can keep the rotor and stator as close as possible without touching each other. When the rotational speed reaches several thousand revolutions per minute, the electrical steel in the rotor can experience tremendous stress. High voltage is especially felt in areas near magnet slots, where the equipment holds the magnets in place.
With induction motors, energy transfer takes place through the air space between the stator and the motor, the air space is necessary to minimize resistance. A small air space will lead to less energy loss and greater efficiency.
The total flow link between the stator and rotor widens as the air space decreases. A better flow link results in decreased energy losses and increased efficiency. A smaller tolerance also helps prevent noise.
More coils = more efficient motors
The cables of the phase coils of small power motors are thinner, however, the number of turns must be greater to increase the magnetomotive force or current density. The resistance of the phase windings and the density of the power loss are also higher than in high power motors.
Therefore, low power motors with high speeds require more magnetomotive force. This means more coils will be required along with a greater number of turns with a thin wire producing a higher current density.
The use of variable speed controls
Variable speed drives (VSDs) or variable speed drives are heavy industrial electric motors. Their speed can be adjusted with an external controller. These units are used in process control, as they help conserve energy in plants that use numerous electric motors.
VSDs are typically used as energy savers in pumps and fans, as they improve process operations, especially when flow control is required. They also provide soft start capabilities that reduce the electrical stresses and line voltage dips typically encountered when starting a motor, especially with high inertia loads.
Hydrogen is destined to be one of the fuels of the future, a possible substitute for gasoline or diesel, and an alternative to plug-in electric cars. Although only one model, the …
Hydrogen is destined to be one of the fuels of the future, a possible substitute for gasoline or diesel, and an alternative to plug-in electric cars. Although only one model, the Hyundai Nexo, can currently be registered in Spain, and although the number of possible refuelling points can be counted on the fingers of one hand, in Europe and Asia this technology is gaining more and more weight.
Moreover, there is no denying the doubts that this fuel generates, both for its profitability and its safety in everyday use. That’s why Javier Brey, president of the Spanish Hydrogen Association, resolves many of the myths surrounding this chemical element as fuel for cars in the immediate future.
Firstly, the profitability of hydrogen is often questioned due to its “possible” high production costs, questioning whether it is feasible to assume it at present. According to Javier Brey, the cost of producing hydrogen depends on the method used.
“Traditionally, it has been produced by reforming natural gas with water vapour. In this case, the cost depends directly on the cost of natural gas, to which must be added the amortization of the investment costs in the reformer himself.
However, if the hydrogen is obtained by electrolysis of the water, Brey assures that “the cost will be directly proportional to that of the electricity used in the process.
With renewable electricity at 2.5 cents per kWh (prices that already exist in Asia or MENA, and are already being reached in Europe or America) the hydrogen produced by electrolysis is competitive with that produced by reforming natural gas steam and, of course, becomes a viable alternative fuel,” he says.
In the case of using excess renewable electricity, the production costs of this hydrogen would be minimal, since “it is an energy that would be lost if it were not stored in the form of hydrogen. On the other hand, investment costs in electrolysers have been so drastically reduced in recent years that they are already competitive with those of natural gas reformers, and, in many cases, are even much lower.
How hydrogen is obtained
As for the production of hydrogen for use as an alternative fuel, there are currently multiple methods, among which Brey explains which are the most developed:
A first method is called “Natural Gas Steam Reforming”. This process “combines methane (the main component of natural gas) with water vapour to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen through an endothermic chemical reaction (requires providing heat to the process). It has been the traditional method, and the one that has been used the most to produce the hydrogen that industry has been demanding”.
A second method is the electrolysis of water. Thus, using electricity, the water molecule is dissociated into its components (hydrogen and oxygen). Known for decades, “it resurfaces strongly now due to the improvement in electrolysis and the reduction in the price of renewable electrical energy that we have had in recent years”, according to the president of the Spanish Hydrogen Association.
Burning natural gas (combining it with oxygen in combustion proportions) would not produce hydrogen, but carbon dioxide and water (and thermal energy, or heat, obviously), which are the only products of the complete combustion of any hydrocarbon.
Where does the energy for electrolysis come from?
Once the methods of obtaining hydrogen are known, the next question that arises is where the energy needed for the production of electrolysis comes from, so that the whole process is as efficient as possible.
According to Brey, the goal is to produce hydrogen by electrolysis using electricity from renewable sources. In this way hydrogen would be free of emissions not only during its use, but also during its production.
The efficiency of the electrolysis process exceeds 80%. This means that for every kWh of electricity used we will obtain at least 0.8 kWh in the form of hydrogen (higher calorific value).
Each kWh is equivalent to 3.6 MJ and the superior calorific value of hydrogen is 141.86 MJ/kg. “Doing some simple calculations we see that with 1 MWh it would be possible to produce more than 20 kg of hydrogen (equivalent to about 2500 km of autonomy in a fuel cell vehicle)”.
For those who doubt whether hydrogen production is polluting, the answer is that it will depend on the method used for production.
Thus, Javier Brey explains that “currently, hydrogen is obtained mainly by reforming natural gas with water vapor, a process that emits CO2 (if this process uses biogas, net emissions of carbon dioxide would be zero). But this production has been the traditional one, aimed at the industrial sector that consumed hydrogen”.
As renewable energies are implemented, the availability of cheap renewable electricity increases. And so, “if hydrogen is obtained by electrolysis of water and the electricity used in this process is of 100% renewable origin, hydrogen will be free of polluting emissions, not only in its use but also in its generation”.
On the other hand, fuel cells are electrochemical devices, not thermal machines, and therefore their performance is not limited by the Carnot limit.
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that directly transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity efficiently, quietly and reliably; it also produces heat and water.
The fuel cell does not run by combustion, but by electrochemistry, so it achieves higher efficiencies than internal combustion engines. They have no moving parts so they do not generate noise or vibrations and their maintenance is simpler. In addition, they do not generate polluting emissions, nor greenhouse gases; only water.
Danger, explosive gas!
Another major doubt about the use of hydrogen as a fuel is its ability to explode and burn. the Hindenburg blimp, destroyed by a fire when it landed in New Jersey on May 6, 1937, is mentioned as an example on numerous occasions.
Well, like any other fuel, for an explosion or combustion to occur, an oxidizer (oxygen) and an energy source for ignition are required. The deposits that store the hydrogen in the car have great security measures and inside they house hydrogen in 99.99% purity.
In addition, it should be borne in mind that hydrogen is a very volatile gas, which, in the event of a small leak, would dissipate quickly not reaching the concentrations needed to give explosive conditions.
In enclosed spaces, such as garages, basic ventilation would be sufficient to ensure safety. In addition, hydrogen is non-toxic, so breathing a certain amount mixed in the air poses no health risks, and its impact on the environment is low.
Javier Brey also explains that for more than a hundred years “hydrogen has been produced, transported and used for commercial and industrial purposes with an exemplary safety record”.
The applications of hydrogen as an energy vector already have norms and standards, as for other fuels, which have been developed and implemented to ensure safe transport and use.
In this regard, it should be noted that the aerospace industry uses hydrogen as a fuel without major incidents, and that hydrogen cars, which are already available on the market, have specific safety systems, have passed all the required tests and are as safe as any other vehicle on the market.
In this regard, it is worth noting that the Hyundai Nexo (fuel cell electric vehicle) has obtained the maximum score of five stars in the Euro NCAP safety tests, thus becoming the safest SUV on the market.
In short, hydrogen is a fuel that, like any other, handled with the proper rules and safety measures, is completely safe.
But what could happen in case of an accident? Being a flammable gas, it is more or less dangerous than if a gasoline car catches fire?
